Instructions:

Early temperature cycle tests only look at the air temperature of the test furnace. At present, according to the requirements of relevant international norms, the temperature variability of the temperature cycle test refers not to the air temperature but the surface temperature of the product to be tested (such as the air temperature variability of the test furnace is 15°C/min, but the actual temperature variability measured on the surface of the product to be tested may only be 10~11°C/min), and the temperature variability that will rise and cool down also needs symmetry, repeatability (the rise and cooling waveform of each cycle is the same), and linear (the temperature change and cooling speed of different loads is the same). In addition, lead-free solder joints and part life assessment in advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes also have many requirements for temperature cycle testing and temperature shock, so its importance can be seen (such as: JEDEC-22A-104F-2020, IPC9701A-2006, MIL-883K-2016). The relevant international specifications for electric vehicles and automotive electronics, their main test are also based on the temperature cycle test of the surface of the product (such as :S016750, AEC-0100, LV124, GMW3172).

Specification for the product to be tested surface temperature cycle control requirements:

1. The smaller the difference between the sample surface temperature and the air temperature, the better.

2. Temperature cycle rise and fall must be over temperature (exceed the set value, but not exceed the upper limit required by the specification).

3. The surface of the sample is immersed in the shortest time. Time (soaking time is different from residence time).

Thermal stress testing machine (TSC)of LAB COMPANION in the temperature cycle test of the product to be tested surface temperature control features:

1. You can choose [air temperature] or [temperature control of the product to be tested] to meet the requirements of different specifications.

2. The temperature change rate can be selected [equal temperature] or [average temperature], which meets the requirements of different specifications.

3. The deviation of temperature variability between heating and cooling can be set separately.

4. Overtemperature deviation can be set to meet the requirements of the specification.

5.[temperature cycle] and [temperature shock] can be selected table temperature control.

IPC requirements for temperature cycle test of products:

PCB requirements: The maximum temperature of the temperature cycle should be 25°C lower than the glass transfer point temperature (Tg) value of the PCB board.

PCBA requirements: The temperature variability is 15°C/min.

Requirements for solder:

1. When the temperature cycle is below -20 °C, above 110 °C, or contains the above two conditions at the same time, more than one damage mechanism may occur to the solder lead welding connection. These mechanisms tend to accelerate each other, leading to early failure.

2. In the process of slow temperature change, the difference between the sample temperature and the air temperature in the test area should be within a few degrees.

Requirements for vehicle regulations: According to AECQ-104, TC3(40°C←→+125°C) or TC4(-55°C←→+125°C) is used in accordance with the environment of the engine room of the car.

Temperature Cycle Test Specification

Instructions

In order to simulating the temperature conditions encountered by different electronic components in the actual use environment, Temperature Cycling changes the ambient temperature difference range and rapid rise and fall temperature change to provide a more stringent test environment. However, it must be noted that additional effects may be caused to material testing. For the relevant international standard test conditions of temperature cycle test, there are two ways to set the temperature change. First, Lab Companion provides an intuitive setting interface, which is convenient for users to set according to the specification. Second, you can choose the total Ramp time or set the rising and cooling rate with the temperature change rate per minute.

List of International Specifications for Temperature Cycling Tests:

Total Ramp time (min) : JESD22-A104, MIL-STD-8831, CR200315

Temperature variation per minute (℃/min) IEC60749, IPC-9701, Brllcore-GR-468, MIL-2164

Example: Lead-free Solder Joint Reliability Test

Note: In terms of the reliability test of lead-free technetium-free points, different test conditions will be different for the temperature change setting, such as (JEDECJESD22-A104) will specify the temperature change time with the total time [10min], while other conditions will specify the temperature change rate with [10° C/min], such as from 100 °C to 0°C. With a temperature change of 10 degrees per minute, that is to say, the total temperature change time is 10 minutes.

100℃ [10min]←→0℃[10min], Ramp: 10℃/min,6500 cycle

-40℃[5min]←→125℃[5min],Ramp: 10min,

200 cycle check once, 2000 cycle tensile test [JEDEC JESD22-A104]

-40°C(15min)←→125°C(15min), Ramp:15min, 2000 cycle

Example: LED Automotive lighting (High Power LED)

The temperature cycle experimental conditions of LED car lights are -40 °C to 100 °C for 30 minutes, the total temperature change time is 5 minutes, if converted to temperature change rate, it is 28 degrees per minute (28 ° C /min).

Test conditions: -40℃ (30min) ←→100℃ (30min), Ramp: 5min

    With the progress of society, the public's awareness of energy conservation, environmental protection and carbon reduction is increasing, the improvement of battery life, convenient stores to provide battery replacement services and the establishment of charging columns and other favorable conditions, which has prompted the public to accept the purchase of electric locomotives. The general definition of electric locomotives is: Extreme speed of less than 50km/h, on the slope, the maximum slope of the general urban road is about 5 ~ 60 degrees, the underground parking lot is about 120 degrees to the ground, the mountain slope is about 8 ~ 90 degrees, in the case of slope 80 degrees, more than 10 kilometers per hour for the basic needs of electric locomotives. Electric locomotive power system composition is mainly: Power system controller, motor controller, permanent magnet synchronous motor & DC brushless motor, DC power converter, battery management system, car charger, rechargeable battery, etc., Many manufacturers now introduce permanent magnet synchronous motor & DC brushless motor, with low speed and high torque, carbon brush free maintenance, far endurance and other advantages. Both the electric locomotive and the power motor system must meet the Ministry of Transportation light bicycle standards, or relevant regulatory requirements.

Electric locomotive complete vehicle reference specification:

CNS3103 machine bicycle running test method general

CNS3107 machine bicycle acceleration test method

Gb17761-1999 General technical conditions for electric bicycles

JIS-D1034-1999 Test method for braking of motor bicycles

GB3565-2005 Safety requirements for bicycles

Electric locomotive motor or brushless DC motor citation specification:

CNS14386-9 Electric motor bicycle-Test method for power output of motor and controller connection for vehicles

GB/T 21418-2008 Permanent magnet brushless motor system general technical conditions

IEC60034-1 Rating and Performance of rotating motors (GB755)

GJB 1863-1994_ General Specification for brushless DC motors

GJB 5248-2004 General specification for brushless DC motor drivers

GJB 783-1989 micromotor industry standard drive specification

QB/T 2946-2008 Electric bicycle motor and controller

QMG-J52.040-2008 Brushless DC motor

SJ 20344-2002 General specification for brushless DC torque motors

Environmental tests are mainly based on specifications:

IEC60068-2, GJB150

Applicable test equipment:

1.High and low temperature test chamber

2. High and low temperature humidity test chamber

3. Industrial Oven

4. Rapid temperature cycle test chamber

Test Specification of LCD Display

    LCD Display, full name of Liquid Crystal Display, is a flat display technology. It mainly uses liquid crystal materials to control the transmission and blocking of light, so as to achieve the display of images. The structure of the LCD usually includes two parallel glass substrates, with a liquid crystal box in the middle, and the polarized light of each pixel is controlled by the rotation direction of the liquid crystal molecules through the voltage, so as to achieve the purpose of imaging. LCD displays are widely used in TV, computer monitors, mobile phones, tablet computers and other devices.

    At present, the common liquid crystal display devices are Twisted Nematic (TN), Super Twisted Nematic (Super Twisted Nematic), STN), DSTN(Double layer TN) and color Thin Film Transistors (TFT). The first three kinds of manufacturing basic principles are the same, become passive matrix liquid crystal, and TFT is more complex, because of the retention of memory, and called active matrix liquid crystal.

    Due to liquid crystal display has the advantages of small space, thin panel thickness, light weight, flat right-angle display, low power consumption, no electromagnetic radiation, no thermal radiation, it gradually replaces the traditional CRT image tube monitor.

LCD displays basically have four display modes: reflection, reflection transmission conversion, projection, transmission.

(1) The reflection type liquid crystal display itself does not emit light, through the light source in the space into the LCD panel, and then by its reflective plate will reflect the light to the eyes of people;

(2) The reflection transmission conversion type can be used as a reflection type when the light source in the space is sufficient, and the light source in the space is used as lighting when the light is not enough;

(3) Projection type is to use the principle of similar movie playback, the use of projected light department to project the image displayed by the liquid crystal display to the remote larger screen;

(4) The transmission type liquid crystal display completely uses the hidden light source as lighting.

Relevant Test Conditions:

vacuum resistant stepper motor are specifically designed to operate reliably in vacuum environments (low pressure, oxygen-free, extreme temperatures, etc.). They are essential in the following applications:

1. Semiconductor and Integrated Circuit Manufacturing

Applications: Photolithography machines, wafer handling, vacuum deposition, ion implantation equipment.

Reason: Semiconductor processes require ultra-high vacuum (e.g., below 10⁻⁶ Pa) to avoid contamination. Standard motors may outgas or release lubricants, while vacuum-compatible motors use specialized materials and sealing.

2. Aerospace and Space Technology

Applications: Satellite attitude control, focusing mechanisms for space telescopes, vacuum chamber testing.

Reason: Space is an extreme vacuum environment, requiring motors that withstand zero lubrication outgassing, extreme temperatures (-200°C to +150°C), and radiation.

3. Vacuum Coating and Surface Treatment

Applications: PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition), CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) workpiece rotation or transport.

Reason: Processes demand vacuums of 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁷ Pa, necessitating motors that are dust-proof, low-outgassing, and non-magnetic.

4. Medical and Scientific Instruments

Applications: Electron microscope sample stages, particle accelerator components, cryo-electron microscopy.

Reason: High-precision positioning requires motors that operate without vibration or gas release in vacuum.

5. High-Energy Physics Experiments

Applications: Synchrotron radiation devices, motion control in nuclear fusion reactors (e.g., tokamaks).

Reason: Extreme conditions (ultra-high vacuum up to 10⁻⁹ Pa, strong magnetic fields) demand non-magnetic materials (e.g., stainless steel housing) and specialized lubrication.

6. Food and Pharmaceutical Vacuum Packaging

Applications: Conveyor systems in automated vacuum packaging machines.

Reason: Although vacuum levels are lower (1–0.1 Pa), motors must resist corrosion (e.g., food-grade lubricants).

Key Features of Vacuum-Compatible Motors：

Materials: Low-outgassing (e.g., ceramic bearings, fluoropolymer seals).

Lubrication: Solid lubricants (molybdenum disulfide) or vacuum-rated greases.

Thermal Management: Designed for conduction cooling (no air convection).

Certifications: Compliant with standards like ISO 21358-1 for vacuum equipment.

Risks of Using Standard Motors in Vacuum

Lubricant evaporation → Contaminates vacuum chamber.

Material outgassing → Degrades vacuum quality.

Overheating or seal failure → Motor damage.

When selecting a motor, consider vacuum level (low, high, ultra-high), temperature range, and motion precision requirements.Ctrl-Motor has been engaged in the R&D, production and sales of vacuum motors, high and low temperature motors-related drivers, stepper motors, servo motors, and reducers for 12 years. The high and low temperature motors can be adapted to any extreme conditions from -196℃ to 300℃, and the vacuum degree can reach 10-7pa, we can provide 10^7Gy radiation protection and salt spray protection products. 

cryogenic resistant stepper motor are designed to maintain stable performance in cold environments and are widely used in the following fields:

1. Aerospace & Satellite Equipment

Applications: Space probes, satellite attitude control, spacecraft robotic arms.

Reason: Space temperatures can drop below -200°C, where conventional motors may fail due to material brittleness or lubrication failure. These motors use specialized materials and lubrication.

2. Polar or Extreme Cold Region Equipment

Applications: Antarctic/Arctic research instruments, ice/snow monitoring devices, polar robots.

Reason: Extremely cold environments (below -40°C) require motors with freeze-resistant capabilities.

3. Cryogenic Labs & Superconducting Devices

Applications: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), particle accelerators, superconducting magnet control systems.

Reason: Superconducting experiments require near-absolute zero (-269°C), demanding motors that operate in liquid helium/nitrogen environments.

4. Industrial Freezing & Cold Chain Logistics

Applications: Automated warehouse robots in cold storage, low-temperature conveyor belts, frozen food packaging machinery.

Reason: Long-term operation in -30°C to -20°C environments requires motors resistant to icing or torque loss.

5. Military & Defense Equipment

Applications: Military robots in cold regions, missile guidance systems, submarine Arctic navigation devices.

Reason: High reliability is critical in harsh environments.

6. Medical Cryogenic Equipment

Applications: Cryogenic storage units (e.g., sperm/egg banks), medical low-temperature centrifuges.

Reason: Precise control is necessary to avoid temperature fluctuations affecting performance.

7. Energy & Oil/Gas Exploration

Applications: Arctic drilling equipment, deep-sea cable-laying robots.

Reason: Low-temperature conditions in deep-sea or polar regions demand motors with robust sealing and cold resistance.

Key Technologies for cryogenic resistant stepper motor Design:

Materials: Use of low-temperature-tolerant metals (e.g., stainless steel) and cold-resistant plastics.

Lubrication: Specialized low-temperature grease or solid lubricants (e.g., PTFE).

Sealing: Prevents condensation freezing and mechanical jamming.

Electronics: Drivers must support low-temperature operation (e.g., wide-temperature-range components).

For specific motor selection or application examples, feel free to provide detailed requirements!

Ctrl-Motor has been engaged in the R&D, production and sales of vacuum motors, high and low temperature motors-related drivers, stepper motors, servo motors, and reducers for 12 years. The high and low temperature motors can be adapted to any extreme conditions from -196℃ to 300℃, and the vacuum degree can reach 10-7pa, we can provide 10^7Gy radiation protection and salt spray protection products. 

1. High/Low-Temperature Servo Motors: Conquer Thermal Extremes

2. High/Low Temperature Stepper Motors: Precision in Rugged Settings

Why Choose Ctrl-Motor?

When we talk about "servo motors", many people will first think of its high-precision performance in automation equipment, robots, and CNC machine tools. But do you know? In extremely cold environments, such as minus 30℃ or even lower, the stability of servo motors becomes crucial. So, how does it "stand the cold"? Today's article will talk to you about the "anti-freeze secrets" of servo motors in low-temperature environments.

1. How terrible is the low-temperature environment?

Let's first take a brief look at the impact of extremely cold environments on motors:

• The lubricating oil becomes thicker and the rotation resistance becomes greater
• The internal materials of the motor become brittle and easily damaged
• The cable sheath becomes hard or even cracked
• The performance of electronic components decreases, the response becomes slower or even fails

In short, at low temperatures, the "physical functions" of the motor will be greatly reduced, the operating efficiency will plummet, and it may even "strike" directly.

2. How does the servo motor achieve anti-freeze and stable operation?

1. Use special low-temperature grease

Ordinary grease will thicken at low temperatures, and the rotation will not be smooth. Therefore, in extremely cold environments, special low-temperature grease must be used, which can maintain good fluidity at temperatures of -40℃ or even lower, making the motor run more smoothly.

2. Choose low-temperature resistant materials

Many high-end servo motors use low-temperature impact-resistant plastics and cold-resistant metals to manufacture key components. In this way, even in extremely cold conditions, the components will not become brittle or break, greatly improving the overall reliability.

3. Specially designed protective structure

Extremely cold environments are usually accompanied by wind, snow, and humidity, so the housing and sealing structure of the servo motor must be waterproof, dustproof, and anti-freeze cracking. Some motors will specially strengthen the IP level (protection level), even to IP67 or above, to cope with severe weather.

4. Matching heating system

This is a point that many people don’t know: some servo systems are designed with a built-in preheating function. Before starting, the motor is heated inside, and then it starts to run when the temperature rises, just like humans wear down jackets before going out, and prepare the state first.

5. Cold-resistant cables and connectors

The external connection part cannot be ignored either. Low-temperature-resistant soft cables can prevent the outer skin from cracking, while ensuring stable signal transmission without signal loss due to low temperatures.

If your industry also involves the operation of equipment in cold regions, you must pay attention to whether the servo motor supports low-temperature working environments when selecting the model. Only by choosing the right motor can you confidently and boldly continue to operate efficiently in the "ice and snow"!

In modern industrial applications, servo motors are widely used in environments that require precise control, such as manufacturing, automation, and robotics. However, when these motors are exposed to extreme temperatures, both high and low, ensuring their stable operation becomes a significant challenge. In this article, we will explore how high and low temperature servo motors address these temperature-related challenges and remain reliable under harsh conditions. Additionally, we will provide insights into the practices of a professional vacuum servo motor factory in overcoming such challenges.

The Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Servo Motors

Servo motors consist of multiple precision components, including the rotor, stator, bearings, and electronic control systems. Extreme temperatures, whether high or low, can have a detrimental impact on these components. The following are some of the effects of extreme temperatures on servo motors:

1. High Temperature Conditions:

Insulation Damage: At high temperatures, the insulation materials used in the motor windings can degrade, leading to short circuits or motor failure.

Lubrication Breakdown: High temperatures can cause lubricants in the bearings to break down, losing their effectiveness and resulting in increased wear and tear.

Overheating Protection: If the servo motor’s cooling system is inadequate, the motor may overheat, triggering safety shutdowns and causing system interruptions.

2. Low Temperature Conditions:

Reduced Lubrication Efficiency: In low temperatures, lubricants become more viscous, which can cause the bearings to stiffen and increase friction, potentially leading to mechanical failure.

Battery Performance Decrease: For servo motors integrated with battery-powered systems, extreme cold can diminish the battery's output, reducing the motor's overall efficiency.

Electrical Properties Changes: Low temperatures can also affect the electrical components, altering their resistance and causing instability in the motor’s performance.

Solutions for Overcoming Extreme Temperature Challenges

To address the challenges posed by extreme temperatures, high and low temperature servo motors need to be specifically designed and manufactured to ensure reliable operation in such conditions. Several strategies can be employed to overcome these challenges:

1. Use of High and Low Temperature Resistant Materials: During the design phase, it is essential to select materials that are durable and stable at extreme temperatures. High-temperature insulation materials, such as polyimide and silicone rubber, as well as low-temperature-resistant alloys, help prevent the motor from damage when exposed to harsh environmental conditions.

2. Enhanced Cooling Systems: For high-temperature environments, the servo motor must be equipped with efficient cooling systems such as forced air cooling or liquid cooling solutions. These systems ensure that the motor remains at an optimal temperature and does not overheat under heavy loads or high ambient temperatures.

3. Temperature Compensation Technology: Advanced servo motors incorporate temperature sensors that monitor the motor’s temperature in real time. Based on this data, the motor can automatically adjust its operating parameters to ensure consistent performance despite fluctuations in temperature. This feature helps prevent overheating in hot conditions and ensures the motor operates efficiently in cold environments.

4. Protective Coatings: In low-temperature environments, servo motors can be coated with special anti-freeze coatings that prevent ice or frost buildup. Additionally, using sealed casings to protect sensitive electronic components from exposure to moisture or extreme cold ensures better performance and durability in freezing conditions.

5. Regular Maintenance and Monitoring: Routine maintenance and performance monitoring are crucial in ensuring that servo motors continue to operate effectively in extreme temperatures. Regular checks on lubricants, seals, and insulation materials can prevent premature failure, particularly when the motor is subjected to long periods of extreme temperatures.

Insights from a Professional Vacuum Servo Motor Factory

As a dedicated vacuum servo motor factory, we understand the critical requirements of servo motors operating in extreme conditions. We focus on providing high-performance solutions designed to withstand high and low temperatures while maintaining efficiency and reliability.

Our products are built using state-of-the-art materials and technology, ensuring that each motor meets the demands of high-temperature industrial environments, as well as low-temperature settings. With a team of experienced engineers and researchers, we continually innovate to improve motor designs and provide our customers with the most reliable and efficient servo motors available.

By focusing on the specific challenges that high and low temperatures present, we help industries in need of dependable, performance-driven servo motors, ensuring long-lasting and stable operation across diverse environments.

In order to ensure the normal operation of stepper motors in different environments, corresponding design and maintenance measures need to be taken according to specific environmental conditions. The following are the factors to be considered in the material selection and design of low-temperature stepper motors:

Material Selection

Magnetic Materials: Select materials with stable magnetic properties at low temperatures, such as neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets.

Insulating Materials: Choose insulating materials resistant to low temperatures, such as polyimide or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Structural Materials: Use materials with good mechanical properties at low temperatures, such as stainless steel or aluminum alloy.

Lubrication

Lubricants: Select lubricants that can still maintain their lubricating properties at low temperatures, such as perfluoropolyether (PFPE) or silicone-based lubricants.

Thermal Management

Thermal Expansion: Consider the thermal expansion coefficient of materials at low temperatures to avoid structural problems caused by shrinkage.

Heating Elements: Add heating elements when necessary to ensure the normal startup and operation of the motor at low temperatures.

Electrical Design

Coil Design: Optimize the coil design to reduce the impact of resistance changes on performance at low temperatures.

Driver Design: Select drivers suitable for low-temperature environments to ensure stable control.

Mechanical Design

Clearance and Tolerance: Consider the shrinkage of materials at low temperatures and appropriately adjust the mechanical clearance and tolerance.

Bearing Design: Select bearings with stable performance at low temperatures, such as ceramic bearings.

Testing and Verification

Low-Temperature Testing: Conduct sufficient tests in a low-temperature environment to verify the performance of the motor.

Environmental Sealing

Sealing Design: Prevent condensed water or ice from entering the interior of the motor, which may affect its operation.

Maintenance and Operation

Maintenance Plan: Develop a maintenance plan for low-temperature environments to ensure the long-term stable operation of the motor.

By comprehensively considering these factors, the reliability and performance of stepper motors in low-temperature environments can be ensured.